Let’s try to define (or at least describe) fascism, shall we?
Fascism: “a populist political philosophy, movement, or regime (such as that of the Fascisti) that exalts nation and often race above the individual, that is associated with a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, and that is characterized by severe economic and social regimentation and by forcible suppression of opposition” (Merriam-Webster)
Notoriously difficult to define, Umberto Eco nevertheless highlighted 14 aspects of what he called “Ur-Fascism”:
- Cult of Tradition – A syncretic belief in ancient truths, rejecting modern interpretations.
- Rejection of Modernism – Viewing the Enlightenment and rationalism as the root of moral decline.
- Cult of Action for Action’s Sake – Valuing action over reflection, leading to anti-intellectualism.
- Disagreement is Treason – Suppressing dissent and critical thinking as threats to unity.
- Fear of Difference – Exploiting xenophobia and racism to unify the in-group against outsiders.
- Appeal to a Frustrated Middle Class – Mobilizing those feeling economically or socially displaced.
- Obsession with a Plot – Promoting conspiracy theories to justify aggression against perceived enemies.
- Enemies are Both Too Strong and Too Weak – Portraying adversaries as simultaneously formidable and feeble.
- Pacifism is Trafficking with the Enemy – Viewing life as perpetual warfare, dismissing peace efforts as betrayal.
- Contempt for the Weak – Glorifying strength and dismissing compassion as weakness.
- Everybody is Educated to Become a Hero – Promoting a cult of death and martyrdom.
- Machismo – Elevating aggressive masculinity and denigrating non-conforming sexual behaviors.
- Selective Populism – Claiming to represent the unified will of the people, dismissing individual rights.
- Newspeak – Employing an impoverished vocabulary to limit critical thought.